知識詳解
① reduce vt. 減少;縮減;約束,限制;使降低,降職;
使……變為(某個狀態)(回歸課本P12)
reduce...to...把……減少到……,reduce...by...把……減少了……,reduce sb.to doing sth.迫使某人做某事;使某人不得不做某事,reduction n.縮小,減少;縮版,make a reduction減價
【歸納總結】
【例句探源】
①The expenses have been reduced to 1,000 yuan one month.
每月的費用已降到1,000元。
②The expenses have been reduced by 200 yuan one month.
每月的費用已降了200元。
③Eventually Charlotte was reduced to begging on the streets.
最后夏洛特被迫淪落到沿街乞討。
④We can make a reduction if you buy in bulk.
如果你大批購買,我們可以降低價格。
1.Many students have dropped out of school and now the number of our class has ________50.
A.reduced by B.reduced to C.increased to D.increased by
解析:選B。reduce...to后面數字指減少后的總量,reduce...by后面數字指純減少的量或比率。由上面說到drop,故排除C、D。
【即境活用】
2. Since then the number of people stopping smoking ________10%.
A.has reduced to B.reduces by C.has reduced by D.reduces to
解析:選C。由since then可判斷主句應用現在完成時,排除B、D兩項;再根據句意“自從那時戒煙人數減少了10%”,強調差額用介語by,故選C。
② likely adj. 很可能的,看來要發生的;(像是)可靠的,可信的;似乎有理的
adv. 很可能
(回歸課本P9) Drug users are more likely to get into trouble at school.
吸毒者更有可能在學校遇到麻煩。
【歸納總結】
① It is likely that he will be late.
=He is likely to be late.他可能會遲到。
②“He said you’d be giving them a lift.” “Not likely!”
“他說你會讓他們搭便車。”“絕不可能!”
③It is likely that you could suffer from bad health if you keep smoking.
如果繼續吸煙,你很可能會健康狀況不佳。
④That means the price is likely to go down because of the competition.這意味著價格有可能因為競爭而下降。
【例句探源】
likely,possible,probable
三者都有“可能的”之意,區別如下:
(1)likely是形容詞,表示某事很可能發生,與probable 意思相近,但主語可以是人也可以是物。常用于“It is likely that...或sb./sth.be likely to do...”句型中,但不能說“It is likely for sb.to do sth.”。
(2)possible可能性相對小,作表語時,主語不能是人,常用句式為“It is possible for sb. to do sth.”或“It is possible that...”。
【易混辨析】
(3)probable 帶有“很可能”的意味,語氣比possible強,作表語時不能用人或不定式作主語,常用句式為“It is probable that...”。
①It isn’t likely that I should accept such an offer as that.
②It’s possible_to break with old habits.
③It is _probable that he will succeed.
3.Young Americans who don’t go to university ________get jobs which bring low income.
A.are likely to B.are possible to
C.were able to D.liked to
解析:選A。句意是:沒有上大學的美國年輕人可能做一些低收入的工作。likely可用于sb./sth.is likely to do而possible不能。
【即境活用】
4.(山東青島質檢)A senior firefighter said it was__________that the fire,which broke out at midnight,was caused by someone on purpose.
A.possibly B.likely
C.probably D.obviously
解析:選B。根據It is likely that……句型得出答案,其它三個詞都是副詞,不能用于該句型。
③ affect vt. 影響,對……有壞影響;(疾病)侵襲;假裝;喜歡
(回歸課本P9) Smoking in a park doesn’t affect other people in the same way.
在公園吸煙不會以同樣的方式影響別人。
【歸納總結】
【例句探源】
①Peter Taylor finds out how computers and the Internet are going to affect our lives.
彼得?泰勒試圖弄清計算機和互聯網將如何影響我們的生活。
②(牛津P31)They were deeply affected by the news of her death.
她死亡的消息使他們唏噓不已。
③(高考遼寧卷)The experiment showed that our body clocks are affected by light and temperature.
這項實驗表明我們的生物鐘受光線和溫度的影響。
④She was affected with high fever.
她發高燒。
affect,effect,influence
三個詞都有“影響”的意思。
(1)affect指“產生的影響之大足以引起反應”,著重“影響”的動作,有時含有“對……產生不利影響”的意思。
(2)effect作“影響”講時,通常用作名詞,構成have an effect on“對……有影響”。effect作動詞時,指“使(某事物)產生;使發生;引起”,著重“造成”一種特殊的效果。
(3)influence指“通過說服、舉例等對行動、思想、性格等產生不易覺察到的、潛移默化的影響”。
【易混辨析】
①The games don’t have a(n) _effect on grown?ups but affect students a great deal.
②Influenced by a high school biology teacher,he took up the study of medicine.
③This book effected a change in my opinion.
5.Critics believe that the control of television by mass advertising has ________the quality of the programs.
A.lessened B.declined
C.affected D.effected
解析:選C。句意為:批評家認為電視被大量的廣告所控制,這影響了節目的質量。affect常指不好的影響;lessen“減少”;decline“降低”,指力量、權力、數量等的削減;effect“引起;產生”,只有affect符合句意。
【即境活用】
④ recognise vt. 辨認出;認出;認識到;認知
(回歸課本P19)Participants learn to recognise smoking triggers...
參與者學會分辨吸煙的誘因……
【歸納總結】
recognise sb./sth.as/to be承認某人/物是……;認出某人/物是……
It’s recognised that...人們意識到……
①Salera came home so thin and weak that her own children hardly recognised her.
賽莉婭回家時又瘦又弱,連她自己的孩子都幾乎認不出她來了。
②He is recognised as the head of the company.
他被認為是公司的領導。
③It was recognised that he was not qualified for the work.
人們認識到他做這項工作不合格。
【例句探源】
recognise,know
(1)recognise 指把原來認識的人/物再次“辨認出”,是非延續性動詞。
(2)know“認識并熟悉某人/物”,是延續性動詞。
①Sometimes we can’t recognise,_one’s voice on the phone even though we know him/her.
②I know him so well that I can recognise his steps.
【易混辨析】
6.(高考遼寧卷)Alexander tried to get his work________in the medical circles.
A.to recognize B.recognizing
C.recognize D.recognized
解析:選D。句意:Alexander試圖使自己的工作在醫學界得到認可。本題考查非謂語動詞作賓補。get sth.done表示使某事物被做,如get my hair cut表示理發;get her finger burnt表示她的手指被燒傷。
【即境活用】
7.—Oh,it’s you,Alice.I________you.You look much thinner than before.
—Not surprising.I’m on a diet.
A.didn’t recognize B.hadn’t recognized
C.haven’t recognized D.don’t recognize
解析:選A。本題強調是剛才沒認出,故用一般過去時態。
⑤ break into 闖入,破門而入;突然……起來
(回歸課本P13) The next day,I broke into a house and stole a television and a video recorder.
第二天,我闖入一戶人家,偷了一臺電視機和一臺錄像機。
break out突然爆發
break up打碎;拆散;分解
結束,break in打斷(談話); 突然闖入(in是副詞) break through突破
break down瓦解,損壞,分解;機器壞了;失。簧眢w垮了
break away from擺脫(束縛);克服(習慣)
break off中斷,折斷,突然停止
【歸納總結】
①Thieves broke into our house while we were away on holiday.
我們外出度假時,小偷闖入了我們家。
②On hearing the news that the war was over ,the old woman broke into tears.
聽到戰爭結束的消息,老人突然哭了起來。
③Don’t break into their conversation;they are discussing something important.
不要打斷他們的談話,他們正在討論重要的事情。
【例句探源】
break into,break in
兩者都有“闖入”之意。break into中,into是介詞,后需接賓語;break in 是不及物動詞短語,其中in是副詞,不接賓語。另外,break into還有“突然……起來”之意,相當于burst into;break in還可以表示“插嘴”等。
①We had to break_into the house as we had lost the key.
②Never break_in while others are talking.
【易混辨析】
8.(海南三亞模擬)You’ll________sooner or later if you keep working like that.
A.break off B.break down
C.break into D.break out
解析:選B。句意:如果你繼續那樣工作,身體遲早會垮掉的。break down“垮掉”,符合題意。
【即境活用】
9. Scientists hope to________soon in their fight against the H1N1 flu virus.
A.break up B.break out
C.break through D.break in
解析:選C。句意為:科學家們希望能盡快在應對甲型H1N1流感病毒方面有所突破。break up“分解,打破”;break out“發生,爆發”;break through“突破”;break in“闖入,打斷(談話)”,據句意可知答案為C。
⑥ give up 放棄;交出,讓出;認輸
(回歸課本P13)And here are some ideas to help people to give up smoking.
這兒有一些幫助人們戒煙的方法。
give away分發;放棄;泄露
give back歸還;恢復
give forth發出(氣味、聲音等);發表
give in屈服;讓步;同意
give off發出(蒸汽、光等)
give out分發,發出(氣味、熱等);發表,用完,耗盡;精疲力竭
【歸納總結】
①When Ed left ,she gave up hope of ever marrying.
埃德離開時,她徹底放棄了結婚的希望。
②In the crowded bus ,the young people gave up their seats to the old people.
在擁擠的公共汽車上,年輕人把座位讓給老年人。
③The doctor told him to give up smoking and drinking.
醫生要他戒煙戒酒。
④She has never given up her secrets to others.
她從不把秘密透露給別人。
【例句探源】
10.We haven’t heard from her for long,so we give her________for dead.
A.out B.in
C.up D.away
解析:選C。give out“用完,用盡”;give in“讓步,投降”;give up“放棄,不抱希望”;give away“泄露,分發”。由句意可知,此處指“對她不抱任何希望”,故答案為C。
【即境活用】
11.He pretended to be a German,but his Swedish accent gave himself________.
A.away B.up
C.off D.out
解析:選A。考查give的固定短語。句意:他假裝是德國人,但他的瑞典口音使他暴露了!氨┞丁睉胓ive away。give up指“放棄”;give off 指“放出,發出”;give out指“發出,分發”。
句型梳理
①【教材原句】 Now I work in a centre for drug addicts,helping others to stop taking drugs.(P13)
現在,我在一個戒毒中心工作,幫助其他吸毒者戒毒。
【句法分析】 本句中的helping others to stop taking drugs是v.?ing形式在句子中作狀語,表示方式或伴隨情況。
①The little girl stood there,crying for milk.
這個小女孩站在那兒,哭著要牛奶喝。
②He worked late into the night,preparing an important report.
他工作到深夜,在準備一個重要的報告。
③The teacher stood at the entrance,blocking the children’s way.
老師站在入口處,擋住了孩子們的路。
12.(高考四川卷)The lawyer listened with full attention,________to miss any point.
A.not trying B.trying not
C.to try not D.not to try
解析:選B。句意:這名律師全神貫注地聽,盡力不錯過任何要點。本題考查非謂語動詞作伴隨狀語。不定式作狀語時和前面的部分如用逗號隔開,表示意想不到的或事與愿違的結果,不定式前通常加only或never,所以動詞不定式在結構和題意上都不符合本題的要求,D項被排除;A、C兩項結構錯誤,也被排除。
【即境活用】
13.(高考重慶卷) The news shocked the public,________to great concern about students’ safety at school.
A.having led B.led
C.leading D.to lead
解析:選C。句意:這條新聞使廣大民眾感到很震驚,引起了人們對在校學生安全的擔憂?疾榉侵^語動詞作結果狀語。首先排除B和D兩項; having done指動作先于謂語動詞發生,在此不符合語境,故只能選擇C。
② 【教材原句】 Whatever you’re doing when you want to smoke—do something else!(P19)
無論你在做什么,當你想抽煙時,做點別的事吧!
【句法分析】 考查whatever的用法。(1)引導讓步狀語從句,在從句中作主語或賓語,其含義相當于no matter what,意為“無論,不管”,其位置可在主句前,也可在主句后。
(2)引導名詞性從句(賓語從句或主語從句),可看作是what的強調說法,其含義相當于anything that 或all that,whatever在句中起雙重作用,既起先行詞與關系代詞的作用,又在從句中作主語、賓語等。
(3)however/whenever/wherever只引導讓步狀語從句,相當于no matter how/when/where引導的從句。
(4)whoever/whichever同whatever一樣,既能引導狀語從句也能引導名詞性從句。
①Whatever he did,his parents supported him.
=No matter what he did,his parents supported him.
不管他做什么,他父母都支持他。
②I don’t believe whatever he said.
我不相信他說的一切。
③I’ll take whatever help I can get.
任何幫助我都接受。
14.(高考浙江卷)—How about camping this weekend,just for a change?
—OK,________you want.
A.whichever B.however
C.whatever D.whoever
解析:選C。句意:“這個周末我們換一下去野營怎么樣啊?”“好的。你想做什么就做什么!贝鹫Z為省略句式,全句應為:OK,whatever you want to do.whichever 不論哪個;however無論怎樣;whatever無論什么,不管什么;whoever不論是誰。
【即境活用】
15.The lawyer seldom wears anything other than a suit ________the season.
A.whatever B.wherever
C.whenever D.however
解析:選A。句意:無論什么季節,這位律師除了一套西裝以外,很少穿其他的(衣服)。whatever引導讓步狀語從句,whatever the season即whatever the season is。wherever無論什么地方;whenever無論什么時候;however無論怎樣,均不符合語境要求。
本文來自:逍遙右腦記憶 http://www.www.sxccs.com/gaosan/64348.html
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